[Development of anthropometric equations for predicting total body fat percentage in Chilean children and adolescents]. / Desarrollo de ecuaciones antropométricas para predecir el porcentaje de grasa corporal total en niños y adolescentes chilenos.

Introduction: Introduction: studying the percentage of body fat (%BF) in children and adolescents is very relevant, since a high level of body fat in childhood and adolescence represents overweight and obesity. Objective: to identify the anthropometric indicators related to %BF and to validate regression equations to predict %BF in children and adolescents using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) as a reference method. Methods: a descriptive study (cross-sectional) was designed in 1126 schoolchildren (588 males and 538 females) from the Maule region (Chile). The age range ranged from 6.0 to 17.9 years. Weight, height, two skinfolds (tricipital and subscapular and waist circumference (WC) were evaluated. Body mass index (BMI), triponderal mass index (TMI), waist height index (WHtR) were calculated. Body fat percentage (%BF) was assessed by DXA scanning. Results: the relationships between Σ (Tricipital + Subscapular), TMI and WHtR with %BF (DXA) ranged from R2 = 52 % to 54 % in men, and from R2 = 41 % to 49 % in women. The equations generated for men were: %BF = 9.775 + [(0.415 * (Tr + SE)] + (35.084 * WHtR) - (0.828 * age), R2 = 70 %, and %BF = 20.720 + [(0.492 * (Tr + SE)] + (0.354 * TMI) - (0.923 * age), R2 = 68 %], and for women: %BF = 8.608 + [(0.291 * (Tr + SE)] + (38.893 * WHtR) - (0.176 * age), R2 = 60 %, and %BF = 16.087 + [(0.306 * (Tr + SE)] + (0.818 * TMI) - (0.300 * age), R2 = 59 %. Conclusion: this study showed that the sum of tricipital and subscapular skinfolds, IP and WHtR are adequate predictors of %BF. These indicators allowed the development of two regression equations acceptable in terms of precision and accuracy to predict %BF in children and adolescents of both sexes.

Introducción: Introducción: estudiar el porcentaje de grasa corporal (%GC) en niños y adolescentes es muy relevante, puesto que un elevado nivel de grasa corporal en la infancia y la adolescencia representa sobrepeso y obesidad. Objetivo: identificar los indicadores antropométricos que se relacionan con el %GC y validar ecuaciones de regresión para predecir el %GC de niños y adolescentes a partir del uso de la absorciometría de rayos X de doble energía (DXA) como método de referencia. Métodos: se diseñó un estudio descriptivo (transversal) en 1126 escolares (588 hombres y 538 mujeres) de la región del Maule (Chile). El rango de edad oscila desde los 6,0 hasta los 17,9 años. Se evaluaron el peso, la estatura, dos pliegues cutáneos (tricipital y subescapular) y la circunferencia de la cintura (CC). Se calcularon el índice de masa corporal (IMC), el índice ponderal (IP) y el índice cintura-estatura (ICE). Se evaluó el porcentaje de grasa corporal (%GC) por medio del escaneo DXA. Resultados: las relaciones entre Σ (Tricipital + Subescapular), IP e ICE con el %GC (DXA) fueron de R2 = 52-54 % en hombres y R2 = 41-49 % en mujeres. Las ecuaciones generadas para los hombres fueron: %GC = 9,775 + [(0,415 * (Tr + SE)] + (35,084 * ICE) - (0,828 * edad), R2 = 70 %, y %GC = 20,720 + [(0,492 * (Tr + SE)] + (0,354 * IP) - (0,923 * edad), R2 = 68 %; y para mujeres: %GC = 8,608 + [(0,291 * (Tr + SE)] + (38,893 * ICE) - (0,176 * edad), R2 = 60 %, y %GC = 16,087 + [(0,306 * (Tr + SE)] + (0,818 * IP) - (0,300 * edad), R2 = 59 %. Conclusión: este estudio demostró que la sumatoria de los pliegues cutáneos tricipital y subescapular, el IP y el ICE son adecuados predictores del %GC. Estos indicadores permitieron desarrollar dos ecuaciones de regresión aceptables en términos de precisión y exactitud para predecir el %GC en niños y adolescentes de ambos sexos.

Comparison of anthropometric indicators as predictors of the percentage of fat mass in young people and older adults in Chile.

OBJECTIVE: To verify whether triponderal mass index (TMI) has a greater accuracy than body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC) and waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) as predictors of obesity in young people and older adults in a region of Chile. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A cross-sectional descriptive study was carried out in 1176 adults (565 men and 611 women) from the Maule region (Chile). Their ages ranged from 20 to 80 years. The percentage of fat mass (%FM) was evaluated by means of dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Weight, height and waist circumference (WC) were evaluated. TMI, BMI and WHtR were calculated. RESULTS: The %FM predictions for BMI were 0.47% for men and 0.50% for women; for TMI, it was 0.50% for men and 0.51% for women; for WC, it was 0.28% for men and 0.21% for women; and finally, for WHtR, it was 0.28% in men and 0.21% in women. The area under the curve (AUC) for BMI was 0.85 in men and 0.85 in women; for TMI, it was 0.87 in men and 0.86 in women; for WHtR, it was 0.76 in men and 0.72 in women; and for WC, the AUC was 0.72 in men and 0.71 in women. CONCLUSION: It was shown that TMI is the indicator that presented the greatest association with %FM and estimates body fat levels with greater precision than BMI, WC and WHtR. The results suggest its use and application as an indicator that discriminates obesity in young, middle-aged and elderly adults.

Equations predicting maturity status: Validation in a cross-sectional sample to assess physical growth and body adiposity in Chilean children and adolescents.

OBJECTIVE: To validate regression equations that predict the state of maturity (MS) to evaluate the physical growth and body fatness of Chilean children and adolescents. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A transversal study was carried out in 8094 school children between 6.0 and 18.9 years old. Weight, standing height, sitting height, and waist circumference (WC) were evaluated. Peak growth rate (PVC) was estimated by the mathematical model 1 of Preece-Baines (MPB). Mirwald's equations (based on age, weight, standing height, sitting height, and leg length) and Moore's equations (based on age, weight, and standing height) were used to estimate MS. The body mass index (BMI) was calculated. RESULTS: The BMP showed that the PVC in men was 10.33 ±â€¯0.29 years and in women was 12.81 ±â€¯0.27 years. Using Mirwald's equation, men reached MS at 14.09 ±â€¯0.8 APVC and women at 11.6 ±â€¯0.9 APVC, while using Moore's equation, men reached 13.7 ±â€¯0.6 APVC and women at 12.1 ±â€¯0.6 APVC. There were significant differences between MPB with Mirwald, MPB with Morre, and between Mirwald and Moore (p < 0.001). Explanation values by MS category were Mirwald's equation [men (early R2 = 0.81, mean R2 = 0.69 and late R2 = 0.09) and women (early R2 = 0.83, mean R2 = 0.83 and late R2 = 0.77)], Moore's equation [men (early R2 = 0.93, mean R2 = 0.70 and late R2 = 0.79) and women (early R2 = 0.89, mean R2 = 0.89 and late R2 = 0.83)]. Percentiles were created for weight, height, CC and BMI. CONCLUSION: It was verified that Moore's and Mirwald's equations differ with the mathematical model MPB in both sexes. However, Moore's equation could be useful for the evaluation of MS in Chilean children and adolescents.

Propuesta de percentiles para evaluar el crecimiento físico y la adiposidad corporal en función del estado de madurez en niños y adolescentes chilenos / Proposal of percentiles to evaluate physical growth and body adiposity as a function of maturity status in Chilean children and adolescents

Introducción: durante la infancia y la adolescencia existe una gran variabilidad individual en el crecimiento y la maduración biológica, lo que resulta en diferencias en el tamaño, la forma y la composición corporal de los niños y adolescentes de edad similar. Objetivo: proponer percentiles para evaluar el crecimiento físico y la adiposidad corporal en función del estado de madurez (EM) en niños y adolescentes chilenos. Métodos: se diseñó un estudio descriptivo (transversal) en 7292 niños y adolescentes (4214 chicos y 3084 chicas) de la región del Maule (Chile). El rango de edad oscila entre 6,0 y 17,9 años. Se evaluó el peso, la estatura y la circunferencia de la cintura (CC). Se calculó el índice de masa corporal (IMC), el índice cintura-estatura (ICE) y el EM a través de una técnica antropométrica no invasiva basada en la edad cronológica y la estatura de pie. Se utilizó el método LMS para calcular los percentiles. Resultados: el EM calculado en los chicos se observó a los 13,7 ± 0,6 APVC (años de pico de velocidad de crecimiento) y en las chicas a los 12,1 ± 0,6 APVC. Se crearon percentiles para el peso, la estatura, la CC, el IMC y el ICE. Todas las variables antropométricas se incrementan conforme el EM aumenta en APVC. Conclusión: los percentiles propuestos son una alternativa para evaluar el crecimiento físico y la adiposidad corporal en función del EM en los niños y adolescentes chilenos. Los resultados sugieren que esta técnica no invasiva puede aplicarse en contextos clínicos y epidemiológicos. (AU)

Introduction: during childhood and adolescence there is great individual variability in growth and biological maturation, resulting in differences in size, shape and body composition in children and adolescents of similar age. Objective: to propose percentiles to assess physical growth and body adiposity as a function of maturity status (SM) in Chilean children and adolescents. Methods: a descriptive (cross-sectional) study was designed in 7,292 children and adolescents (4214 boys and 3084 girls) from the Maule region (Chile). The age range was 6.0 to 17.9 years. Weight, height and waist circumference (WC) were evaluated. Body mass index (BMI), waist-height index (WHtR) and SM were calculated through a non-invasive anthropometric technique based on chronological age and standing height. The LMS method was used to calculate percentiles. Results: the SM calculated in boys was observed at 13.7 ± 0.6 APHV (years of peak growth speed) and in girls at 12.1 ± 0.6 APHV. Percentiles were created for weight, height, WC, BMI, and WHtR. All anthropometric variables increase as MS increases in PHV years. Conclusion: the proposed percentiles are an alternative to evaluate physical growth and body adiposity as a function of SM in Chilean children and adolescents. The results suggest the use of this non-invasive technique to be applied in clinical and epidemiological contexts. (AU)

Comparison of anthropometric indicators as predictors of the percentage of fat mass in young people and older adults in Chile. / Comparación de indicadores antropométricos como predictores del porcentaje de masa grasa en jóvenes y adultos mayores de Chile.

OBJECTIVE: To verify whether tri-ponderal mass index (TMI) has a higher accuracy than body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC) and waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) as predictors of obesity in young people and older adults in a region of Chile. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A cross-sectional descriptive study was carried out in 1,176 adult subjects (565 men and 611 women) from the Maule region (Chile). The age range was from 20 to 80 years old. The percentage of fat mass (%FM) was evaluated by means of dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Weight, height and WC were evaluated. TMI, BMI and WHtR were calculated. RESULTS: The predictions of %FM for BMI were 0.47% for men and 0.50% for women, for TMI it was 0.50% for men and 0.51% for women, for WC it was 0.28% for men and 0.21% for women, and finally, for the WHtR it was 0.28% in men and 0.21% in women. The area under the curve (AUC) for the BMI was 0.85 in both men and women, for the TMI, it was 0.87 in men and 0.86 in women, for the WHtR, in men it was 0.76 and in women it was 0.72, and for WC, the AUC in men was 0.72 and in women it was 0.71. CONCLUSION: It was shown that TMI is the indicator that presented the greatest association with %FM and estimates body fat levels with greater precision than BMI, WC and WHtR. The results suggest its use and application as an indicator that discriminates obesity in young, middle and late-aged adults.

Equations predicting maturity status: Validation in a cross-sectional sample to assess physical growth and body adiposity in Chilean children and adolescents. / Ecuaciones que predicen el estado de madurez: Validación en una muestra transversal para evaluar el crecimiento físico y adiposidad corporal en niños y adolescentes chilenos.

OBJECTIVE: To validate regression equations that predict the state of maturity (MS) to evaluate the physical growth and body fatness of Chilean children and adolescents. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A transversal study was carried out in 8,094 school children between 6.0 and 18.9 years old. Weight, standing height, sitting height, and waist circumference (WC) were evaluated. Peak growth rate (PVC) was estimated by the mathematical model 1 of Preece-Baines (MPB). Mirwald's equations (based on age, weight, standing height, sitting height, and leg length) and Moore's equations (based on age, weight, and standing height) were used to estimate MS. The body mass index (BMI) was calculated. RESULTS: The BMP showed that the PVC in men was 10.33±0.29 years and in women was 12.81±0.27 years. Using Mirwald's equation, men reached MS at 14.09±0.8APVC and women at 11.6±0.9APVC, while using Moore's equation, men reached 13.7±0.6APVC and women at 12.1±0.6APVC. There were significant differences between MPB with Mirwald, MPB with Morre, and between Mirwald and Moore (p<0.001). Explanation values by MS category were Mirwald's equation [men (early R2=0.81, mean R2=0.69 and late R2=0.09) and women (early R2=0.83, mean R2=0.83 and late R2=0.77)], Moore's equation [men (early R2=0.93, mean R2=0.70 and late R2=0.79) and women (early R2=0.89, mean R2=0.89 and late R2=0.83)]. Percentiles were created for weight, height, CC and BMI. CONCLUSION: It was verified that Moore's and Mirwald's equations differ with the mathematical model MPB in both sexes. However, Moore's equation could be useful for the evaluation of MS in Chilean children and adolescents.

[Proposal of percentiles to evaluate physical growth and body adiposity as a function of maturity status in Chilean children and adolescents]. / Propuesta de percentiles para evaluar el crecimiento físico y la adiposidad corporal en función del estado de madurez en niños y adolescentes chilenos.

INTRODUCTION: Introduction: during childhood and adolescence there is great individual variability in growth and biological maturation, resulting in differences in size, shape and body composition in children and adolescents of similar age. Objective: to propose percentiles to assess physical growth and body adiposity as a function of maturity status (SM) in Chilean children and adolescents. Methods: a descriptive (cross-sectional) study was designed in 7,292 children and adolescents (4214 boys and 3084 girls) from the Maule region (Chile). The age range was 6.0 to 17.9 years. Weight, height and waist circumference (WC) were evaluated. Body mass index (BMI), waist-height index (WHtR) and SM were calculated through a non-invasive anthropometric technique based on chronological age and standing height. The LMS method was used to calculate percentiles. Results: the SM calculated in boys was observed at 13.7 ± 0.6 APHV (years of peak growth speed) and in girls at 12.1 ± 0.6 APHV. Percentiles were created for weight, height, WC, BMI, and WHtR. All anthropometric variables increase as MS increases in PHV years. Conclusion: the proposed percentiles are an alternative to evaluate physical growth and body adiposity as a function of SM in Chilean children and adolescents. The results suggest the use of this non-invasive technique to be applied in clinical and epidemiological contexts.

INTRODUCCIÓN: Introducción: durante la infancia y la adolescencia existe una gran variabilidad individual en el crecimiento y la maduración biológica, lo que resulta en diferencias en el tamaño, la forma y la composición corporal de los niños y adolescentes de edad similar. Objetivo: proponer percentiles para evaluar el crecimiento físico y la adiposidad corporal en función del estado de madurez (EM) en niños y adolescentes chilenos. Métodos: se diseñó un estudio descriptivo (transversal) en 7292 niños y adolescentes (4214 chicos y 3084 chicas) de la región del Maule (Chile). El rango de edad oscila entre 6,0 y 17,9 años. Se evaluó el peso, la estatura y la circunferencia de la cintura (CC). Se calculó el índice de masa corporal (IMC), el índice cintura-estatura (ICE) y el EM a través de una técnica antropométrica no invasiva basada en la edad cronológica y la estatura de pie. Se utilizó el método LMS para calcular los percentiles. Resultados: el EM calculado en los chicos se observó a los 13,7 ± 0,6 APVC (años de pico de velocidad de crecimiento) y en las chicas a los 12,1 ± 0,6 APVC. Se crearon percentiles para el peso, la estatura, la CC, el IMC y el ICE. Todas las variables antropométricas se incrementan conforme el EM aumenta en APVC. Conclusión: los percentiles propuestos son una alternativa para evaluar el crecimiento físico y la adiposidad corporal en función del EM en los niños y adolescentes chilenos. Los resultados sugieren que esta técnica no invasiva puede aplicarse en contextos clínicos y epidemiológicos.

Regulation data for the horizontal jump of children and adolescents.

The Horizontal Jump (HJ) is a daily tool that could be used to categorize the level of muscle fitness performance of the lower limbs. The goal was to compare the muscle fitness with those of international studies and to propose percentiles to assess the HJ performance of children and adolescents. A cross-sectional study was conducted. A total number of 3023 children and adolescents between the ages of 6.0 to 17.9 were studied. Weight, height, waist circumference (WC), and lower limb muscle fitness were evaluated. The student HJ performance values in Chile were inferior when compared to HJ performance in Brazil, Poland and Europe. For the Greek study, differences occurred only from age 6 to 15 years old. In comparison to Colombia, students showed better muscle fitness performance. These differences appeared in childhood and lasted until the beginning of adolescence. Percentiles were created to assess the lower limb fitness being an easy tool to be used and applied to classify lower limb strength.

[Estimation of fat mass by anthropometric indicators in young people with Down syndrome]. / Estimación de la masa grasa por medio de indicadores antropométricos en jóvenes con síndrome de Down.

INTRODUCTION: Introduction: the assessment of body composition is relevant and useful for designing interventions for healthy lifestyles and nutritional strategies. Objective: our goal was to verify the relationships between adiposity indicators with fat mass (FM), and to validate equations that allow predicting FM in young people with Down syndrome (SD). Methods: a cross-sectional study was carried out in 48 young people with DS (24 men and 24 women). Weight, height, waist circumference (WC), and hip circumference (HC) were evaluated. Body mass index (BMI), body adiposity index (BAI), waist-to-hip index (WHI), and waist-to-height index (WHtR) were calculated. FM was evaluated by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Results: age in men was 19.3 ± 3.0 years, and in women it was 18.9 ± 1.9 years; weight was 73.6 ± 14.3 kg in men and 75.8 ± 20.3 kg in women, and height in men was 168.9 ± 6.5 cm, and in women it was 156.3 ± 6.2 cm. In males the correlations between FM (DXA) with BMI, WC, HC, WHtR, BAI and WHtR ranged from r = 0.01 to r = 0.89, and in females from r = 0.10 to r = 0.97. The highest correlations were observed with BMI and WC in both sexes (males r = 0.78 to 0.92, and females r = 0.83 to 0.97). Regression equations were generated to estimate FM in males (R2 = 84 %) and in females (R2 = 96 %). Percentiles were calculated for MG per DXA and for each equation. Conclusions: there were significant positive correlations between BMI and WC with FM. These indicators were decisive for developing equations that estimate FM in young people with DS. The results suggest its potential use and application to evaluate, classify and monitor body fat levels in clinical and epidemiological contexts.

INTRODUCCIÓN: Introducción: la evaluación de la composición corporal es relevante y útil para diseñar intervenciones de estilos de vida saludables y estrategias nutricionales. Objetivos: verificar las relaciones existentes entre los indicadores de adiposidad y la masa grasa (MG), y validar ecuaciones que permitan predecir la MG en jóvenes con síndrome de Down (SD). Métodos: se efectuó un estudio transversal en 48 jóvenes con SD (24 hombres y 24 mujeres). Se evaluaron el peso, la estatura, la circunferencia de la cintura (CC) y la circunferencia de la cadera (CCa). Se calcularon el índice de masa corporal (IMC), el índice de adiposidad corporal (IAC), el índice cintura-cadera (ICC) y el índice cintura-estatura (ICE). Se evaluó la MG mediante absorciometría de rayos X de doble energía (DXA). Resultados: la edad de los hombres era de 19,3 ± 3,0 años y la de las mujeres de 18,9 ± 1,9 años; el peso era de 73,6 ± 14,3 kg en los hombres y de 75,8 ± 20,3 kg en las mujeres; finalmente, la estatura de los hombres era de 168,9 ± 6,5 cm y la de las mujeres de 156,3 ± 6,2 cm. En los hombres, las correlaciones entre la MG (DXA) y los parámetros IMC, CC, CCa, ICE, IAC e ICE oscilaron entre r = 0,01 y r = 0,89; en las mujeres, entre r = 0,10 y r = 0,97. Las correlaciones más altas se observaron con el IMC y la CC en ambos sexos (hombres, r = 0,78 a 0,92 y mujeres, r = 0,83 a 0,97). Se generaron ecuaciones de regresión para estimar la MG en los hombres (R2 = 84 %) y en las mujeres (R2 = 96 %). Se calcularon los percentiles de MG según la DXA y con cada ecuación. Conclusiones: hubo correlaciones positivas significativas del IMC y la CC con la MG. Estos indicadores fueron determinantes para desarrollar ecuaciones que estiman la MG de los jóvenes con SD. Los resultados sugieren su uso y aplicación para evaluar, clasificar y monitorizar los niveles de adiposidad corporal en contextos clínicos y epidemiológicos.

Reproductibilidad de pruebas de competencia motriz y percentiles para niños y adolescentes que viven a altitud moderada del Perú / Reproducibility of motor competence tests and percentiles for children and adolescents living at moderate altitude in Peru

Objetivo. Evaluar la reproductibilidad de las pruebas de competencia motriz (CM) de transposición lateral y salto lateral, y estimar percentiles por edad y sexo para niños que viven a altitud modera del Perú.Método. Se efectuó un estudio descriptivo transversal en la provincia de Arequipa (Perú). Se evaluó el peso, la estatura y la circunferencia de cintura. Se calculó el índice de masa corporal e índice ponderal. Se evaluó la prueba de transposición lateral y salto lateral (ambas de la batería Kopfer test für Kinder).Resultados. La muestra estuvo constituida por 885 niñas y 897 niños de 6,0 a 16,9 años. El error técnico de medida intraevaluador para ambas pruebas de CM oscilaron entre 1,75 y 3,9 repeticiones en ambos sexos, mientras que el coeficiente de correlación intraclase fue de 0,77 a 0,99. Los límites de acuerdo oscilaron entre -7,3 y 6,8 repeticiones en ambas pruebas. Se estimaron percentiles 5º, 15º, 50º, 85º y 95º por el método Least-Mean-Square algorithm. Los puntos de corte adoptados para las pruebas CM fueron bajo: < p15; regular: de p15 a p85; y alto: > p85.Conclusión. Las pruebas de transposición lateral y salto lateral mostraron una elevada capacidad de reproductibilidad. Los percentiles propuestos pueden servir para valorar la CM y podrían ser incluidos y adaptados como indicadores de desempeño en la educación física.

Objective. To assess the reproducibility of two motor competence (MC) tests: moving sideways and jumping sideways, and to estimate age and sex percentiles for children living at moderate altitude in Peru.Method. This was a descriptive, cross-sectional study conducted in the province of Arequipa, Peru. Weight, height, and waist circumference were assessed. Body mass index and ponderal index were estimated. The moving sideways and jumping sideways tests were assessed (both from the Körper test für Kinder test battery).Results. The sample was made up of 885 girls and 897 boys aged 6.0-16.9 years. The intra-evaluator technical error of measurement for both MC tests ranged between 1.75 and 3.9 repetitions in both males and females, whereas the intraclass correlation coefficient was 0.77-0.99. Agreement limits ranged between -7.3 and 6.8 repetitions for both tests. The 5th, 15th, 50th, 85th, and 95th percentiles were estimated using the Least-Mean-Square algorithm. The cut-off points for MC tests were low: < p15; medium: p15-p85; and high: > p85. Conclusion. Moving sideways and jumping sideways showed a high capacity for reproducibility. The proposed percentiles may be useful to assess MC and could be included and adapted as performance indicators in physical education

Reproducibility of motor competence tests and percentiles for children and adolescents living at moderate altitude in Peru. / Reproductibilidad de pruebas de competencia motriz y percentiles para niños y adolescentes que viven a altitud moderada del Perú.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the reproducibility of two motor competence (MC) tests: moving sideways and jumping sideways, and to estimate age and sex percentiles for children living at moderate altitude in Peru. METHOD: This was a descriptive, cross-sectional study conducted in the province of Arequipa, Peru. Weight, height, and waist circumference were assessed. Body mass index and ponderal index were estimated. The moving sideways and jumping sideways tests were assessed (both from the Körper test für Kinder test battery). RESULTS: The sample was made up of 885 girls and 897 boys aged 6.0-16.9 years. The intraevaluator technical error of measurement for both MC tests ranged between 1.75 and 3.9 repetitions in both males and females, whereas the intraclass correlation coefficient was 0.77- 0.99. Agreement limits ranged between -7.3 and 6.8 repetitions for both tests. The 5th, 15th, 50th, 85th, and 95th percentiles were estimated using the Least-Mean-Square algorithm. The cut-off points for MC tests were low: < p15; medium: p15-p85; and high: > p85. CONCLUSION: Moving sideways and jumping sideways showed a high capacity for reproducibility. The proposed percentiles may be useful to assess MC and could be included and adapted as performance indicators in physical education.

Objetivo. Evaluar la reproductibilidad de las pruebas de competencia motriz (CM) de transposición lateral y salto lateral, y estimar percentiles por edad y sexo para niños que viven a altitud modera del Perú. Método. Se efectuó un estudio descriptivo transversal en la provincia de Arequipa (Perú). Se evaluó el peso, la estatura y la circunferencia de cintura. Se calculó el índice de masa corporal e índice ponderal. Se evaluó la prueba de transposición lateral y salto lateral (ambas de la batería Kopfer test für Kinder). Resultados. La muestra estuvo constituida por 885 niñas y 897 niños de 6,0 a 16,9 años. El error técnico de medida intraevaluador para ambas pruebas de CM oscilaron entre 1,75 y 3,9 repeticiones en ambos sexos, mientras que el coeficiente de correlación intraclase fue de 0,77 a 0,99. Los límites de acuerdo oscilaron entre -7,3 y 6,8 repeticiones en ambas pruebas. Se estimaron percentiles 5º, 15º, 50º, 85º y 95º por el método Least-Mean-Square algorithm. Los puntos de corte adoptados para las pruebas CM fueron bajo: < p15; regular: de p15 a p85; y alto: > p85. Conclusión. Las pruebas de transposición lateral y salto lateral mostraron una elevada capacidad de reproductibilidad. Los percentiles propuestos pueden servir para valorar la CM y podrían ser incluidos y adaptados como indicadores de desempeño en la educación física.

Ultrasound reference values for the calcaneus of children and adolescents at moderate altitudes in Peru

Abstract Objective: a) Establish reference values for bone parameters by using the speed of sound (SOS, m/s) of broadband ultrasound attenuation (BUA, dB/MHz) and establish a bone quality index (BQI = αSOS + βBUA) for children and adolescents living in a region of moderate altitude, b) compare bone parameters with an international standard (with different ethnic, socio-economic, and lifestyle backgrounds) by using ultrasound of the calcaneus (heel bone) (QUS). Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out with children and adolescents between the ages of 6.0 and 16.9 years old. The sample was selected randomly. A total of 1322 subjects were studied. Weight, height, and bone parameters, using ultrasound of the calcaneus, were evaluated SOS, BUA, and BQI. Body Mass Index BMI was calculated. Results: The average age of males was 11.44 ± 0.35 years old, and for females, it was 11.43 ± 0.35 years old. The students in this research showed slightly higher values of SOS, BUA, and BQI for both sexes when compared with the international reference (the 50th percentile). Percentiles were generated (P3, P10, P25, P50, P75, P90, and P97) using the LMS method [median (M), standard deviation (S), and power of the Box-Cox transformation (L)] by age and sex. Conclusion: The students living at a moderate altitude showed slightly higher values in bone parameters in relation to the international reference. This pattern depicted a population with a better state of bone health. The proposed percentiles may be used to categorize adequate to at risk bone parameters based on age and sex.

Establishing percentiles for blood pressure based on absolute height for children and adolescents.

BACKGROUND: Evaluating blood pressure (BP) is one element for diagnosing and preventing disease in student populations. The objectives of this research were to (a) identify the range of height for measuring BP adjusted for student populations and (b) propose percentiles for evaluating BP based on height. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was carried out with 3,013 students. Weight, height, and diastolic (DBP) and systolic (SBP) blood pressure were evaluated. Body Mass Index (BMI) was calculated. Height ranges of 5 and 10 cm were generated. RESULTS: R2 values for height ranges of 5 cm consisted of [normotensive: DBP (R2 = 10 to 13%) and SBP (R2 = 14 to 20%), and for hypertensive: DBP (R2 = 0.07 to 15%) and for SBP (R2 = 29 to 32%)]. For height ranges of 10 cm, values included: [normotensive: DBP (R2 = 10 to 15%), and SBP (R2 = 15 to 21%) and for hypertensive: DBP (R2 = 0.07 to 16%) and SBP (R2 = 29 to 35%)]. For 5 cm height ranges, diferences occurred between both sexes for DBP (in 5 height ranges from 123 to 148 cm and 158 to 168 cm) and for the SBP (in 6 height ranges from 128 to 148 cm and from 158 to 168 cm). In the 10 cm categories, diferences appeared in DBP (from 138 to 148 cm) and in the SBP (from 158 to 168 cm). CONCLUSIONS: Height is a determinant for evaluating blood pressure, and height ranges of 10 cm are more suitable for children and adolescents. The proposed percentiles based on height ranges allowed assessment of the DBP and SBP suggest their use in epidemiological and educational contexts.

Comparison of Anthropometric Indicators That Assess Nutritional Status From Infancy to Old Age and Proposal of Percentiles for a Regional Sample of Chile.

Objectives: Anthropometric variables are used to evaluate health, dietary status, disease risks, and changes in body composition. The purpose of this study was to compare weight, height, and Body Mass Index (BMI) with American references from the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS-2012), using BMI and Tri-Ponderal Mass Index (TMI) to propose percentiles for evaluating nutritional status of children, adolescents, and adults, ages 5-80 years old. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in 15,436 (8,070 males and 7,366 females) children, youths and adults in the Maule region (Chile). The age range ranged from 5.0 to ~80 years of age. Weight and height were assessed. Body mass index BMI and tri-ponderal mass index (TMI) were calculated. The LMS method was used to generate percentiles. Results: The results illustrated that children were heavier and had more BMI during childhood compared to the NCHS references. During adolescence, reference values were greater until approximately ages 70-79. For height, children were relatively similar to those of the NCHS references, but during adolescence, differences became evident. Adolescence until approximately age 80, the population showed lower values for height. Percentiles were calculated using BMI and TMI by age range and sex. Differences occurred between the American NCHS references and the population with regard to the anthropometric variables of weight, height, and in BMI. Conclusion: Discrepancies with the American NCHS reference were verified in the anthropometric variables of weight, height and BMI. Reference percentiles of BMI and TMI were developed for the evaluation of the nutritional status of the regional population of Maule (Chile). Its use is suggested in clinical and epidemiological contexts.

Ultrasound reference values for the calcaneus of children and adolescents at moderate altitudes in Peru.

OBJECTIVE: a) Establish reference values for bone parameters by using the speed of sound (SOS, m/s) of broadband ultrasound attenuation (BUA, dB/MHz) and establish a bone quality index (BQI=αSOS+ßBUA) for children and adolescents living in a region of moderate altitude, b) compare bone parameters with an international standard (with different ethnic, socio-economic, and lifestyle backgrounds) by using ultrasound of the calcaneus (heel bone) (QUS). METHODS: A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out with children and adolescents between the ages of 6.0 and 16.9 years old. The sample was selected randomly. A total of 1322 subjects were studied. Weight, height, and bone parameters, using ultrasound of the calcaneus, were evaluated SOS, BUA, and BQI. Body Mass Index BMI was calculated. RESULTS: The average age of males was 11.44±0.35 years old, and for females, it was 11.43±0.35 years old. The students in this research showed slightly higher values of SOS, BUA, and BQI for both sexes when compared with the international reference (the 50th percentile). Percentiles were generated (P3, P10, P25, P50, P75, P90, and P97) using the LMS method [median (M), standard deviation (S), and power of the Box-Cox transformation (L)] by age and sex. CONCLUSION: The students living at a moderate altitude showed slightly higher values in bone parameters in relation to the international reference. This pattern depicted a population with a better state of bone health. The proposed percentiles may be used to categorize adequate to at risk bone parameters based on age and sex.

Comparación de la adiposidad corporal de jóvenes con y sin síndrome de Down / Comparison of body adiposity in young people with and without Down syndrome

Introducción: La antropometría es una herramienta que sirve para cuantificar la cantidad y proporciones de los compartimentos del tejido corporal, permitiendo realizar la evaluación y seguimiento nutricional de diversas poblaciones. Objetivo: Comparar la adiposidad corporal de jóvenes chilenos con y sin Síndrome de Down (SD) usando técnicas antropométricas. Métodos: Se diseñó un estudio transversal comparativo en66 jóvenes chilenos con y sin SD. El grupo de jóvenes con SD quedó conformado por 16 hombres y 14 mujeres, el grupo control GC (jóvenes sin SD) por 18 hombres y 18 mujeres. El rango de edad oscila desde los 18 a 23 años. Se agruparon los datos en tres rangos de edad (18-19, 20-21 y 22-23 años). Se evaluó el peso, estatura, circunferencia del cuello y cintura. Se calculó el índice de masa corporal (IMC) e índice cintura-estatura (ICE). Resultados: Los jóvenes con SD reflejaron mayor circunferencia del cuello (~3,6 a 4,3cm), cintura (~4,1 a 11,7cm) eI CE (~0,03 a 0,05) en todos los rangos de edad en relación al GC (p<0.05). No hubo diferencias significativas en el IMC (p>0.05). Las jóvenes con SD presentaron valores superiores en la circunferencia del cuello (~3,0 a 5,8cm), cintura (~11,4 a 15,1cm), IMC (~5,6 a 7,5cm) e ICE (~0,10 a 0,11) en comparación con el GC (p<0.05). Conclusión: Los resultados han demostrado que los jóvenes con SD presentan elevados niveles de adiposidad corporal en relación a sus contrapartes sin SD. Estos hallazgos sugieren la necesidad de implantar y fomentar programas de estilos de vida saludable para mantener niveles aceptables de adiposidad corporal entre los jóvenes. (AU)

Introduction: Anthropometry is a tool used to quantifythe quantity and proportions of body tissue compartments, allowing nutritional evaluation and follow-up of diverse populations. Objective: To compare body adiposity in young Chileans with and without Down syndrome (DS) using anthropometric techniques. Methods: A comparative cross-sectional study was designed in 66 Chilean young people with and without DS. The group of young people with DS consisted of 16 males and 14 females, the control group GC (young people without DS) consisted of 18 males and 18 females. The age range ranged from 18 to 23 years. The data were grouped into three age ranges (18-19, 20-21 and 22-23 years). Weight, height, neck circumference and waist circumference were assessed. Body mass index (BMI) and waist-to-height ratio (WHR) were calculated. Results: Young people with DS reflected greater neck circumference (~3.6 to 4.3cm), waist (~4.1 to 11.7cm) and BMI (~0.03 to 0.05) in all age ranges relative to the CG (p<0.05). There were no significant differences in BMI (p>0.05). Young women with DS had higher values in neck circumference (~3.0 to 5.8cm), waist (~11.4 to 15.1cm), BMI (~5.6 to 7.5cm) and ECI (~0.10 to 0.11) compared to CG (p<0.05). Conclusion: The results have shown that youth with DS have elevated levels of body adiposity relative to their non-DS counterparts. These findings suggest the need to implement and encourage healthy lifestyle programs to maintain acceptable levels of body adiposity among youth. (AU)

Masa libre de grasa a partir de variables antropométricas en jugadores de voleibol masculino / Fat-free mass from anthropometric variables in men's volleyball players

INTRODUCCIÓN: La estimación de la masa muscular total es un importante componente que se relaciona con el rendimiento y con el control del entrenamiento en diversas modalidades deportivas. El objetivo del estudio fue proponer ecuaciones de regresión para estimar la masa libre de grasa a partir de variables antropométricas en jugadores de voleibol masculino y verificar la capacidad de reproducibilidad de las ecuaciones. MÉTODOS: Se efectuó un estudio descriptivo de corte transversal en 29 voleibolistas de un Club profesional de Brasil. El rango de edad oscila entre los 16.0 a 20.9 años. Se calculó el Índice de Masa Corporal. La Masa libre de grasa fue determinada por medio del escaneo de la absorciometría de rayos X de doble energía. RESULTADOS: Se generaron tres ecuaciones, cuyo poder de explicación varían entre 87 a 95%: Modelo 1: Masa libre de grasa = -10.401+0.562*Peso + 4.032*Diámetro del Tobillo (R2=0.87), Modelo 2: Masa libre de grasa = -34.806+0.330*Peso + 2.579*Circunferencia del Antebrazo (R2=0.94) y Modelo 3: Masa libre de grasa = -41.830+0.292*Peso + 2.270* Circunferencia del Antebrazo +2.638*Diámetro del Tobillo (R2=0.95). Los resultados del Índice de reproducibilidad deseable mostraron para los tres modelos predictivos valores de coeficiente de correlación de concordancia entre 0.93 a 0.95, para la Precisión entre 0.931 a 0.997 y para la exactitud entre 0.997 a 0.999. CONCLUSIÓN: Se concluye, que la Masa libre de grasa puede ser calculada con precisión y exactitud en jóvenes voleibolistas de sexo masculino a partir de variables antropométricas como el peso, diámetro del tobillo y circunferencia del antebrazo. Se sugiere el uso y la aplicación en programas de entrenamiento como un método no-invasivo y de campo

INTRODUCTION: The estimation of total muscle mass is an important component that is related to performance and training control in various sports modalities. The objective of the study was to propose regression equations to estimate fat-free mass from anthropometric variables in male volleyball players and to verify the reproducibility of the equations. METHODS: A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out on 29 volleyball players from a professional Club in Brazil. The age range ranges from 16.0 to 20.9 years. The Body Mass Index was calculated. Fat Free Mass was determined by scanning dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. RESULTS: Three equations were generated, whose explanatory power varies between 87 to 95%: Model 1: Fat-free mass = -10.401 + 0.562 * Weight + 4.032 * Ankle Diameter (R2 = 0.87), Model 2: Weight free of Fat = -34.806 + 0.330 * Weight + 2.579 * Forearm Circumference (R2 = 0.94) and Model 3: Fat Free Mass = -41.830 + 0.292 * Weight + 2.270 * Forearm Circumference + 2.638 * Ankle Diameter (R2 = 0.95 ). The results of the Desirable reproducibility index showed, for the three predictive models, values of the correlation correlation coefficient between 0.93 to 0.95, for the Accuracy between 0.931 to 0.997 and for the accuracy between 0.997 to 0.999. CONCLUSION: It is concluded that the Fat Free Mass can be calculated with precision and accuracy in young male volleyball players from anthropometric variables such as weight, ankle diameter and forearm circumference. Use and application in training programs is suggested as a non-invasive and field method

Índice de masa corporal versus índice ponderal para evaluar el estado nutricional de adolescentes de altitud moderada del Perú / Body mass index versus weight index to assess the nutritional status of adolescents of moderate altitude in Peru

INTRODUCCIÓN: La vigilancia y el monitoreo por medio de medidas antropométricas en una población específica es esencial para analizar las tendencias y prevalencias del estado nutricional. OBJETIVO: Determinar si el Índice ponderal (IP) es un mejor indicador para evaluar el estado nutricional respecto al índice de masa corporal (IMC) en adolescentes que viven a moderada altitud del Perú. MÉTODOS: Se efectuó un estudio descriptivo comparativo en adolescentes que viven a altitud moderada. Se seleccionaron de forma no-probabilística 415 adolescentes en un rango de edad entre 10 a 15,9 años. Se evaluó el peso, estatura de pie, estatura sentada y circunferencia de la cintura (CC). Se calculó el IMC, IP, índice cintura-estatura (ICE) y el estado de madurez por APVC (años de pico de velocidad de crecimiento). Las categorías nutricionales se determinaron por IMC e IP (bajo, normal, sobrepeso y obesidad). RESULTADOS: Hubo diferencias significativas en ambos sexos entre los valores medios de la CC e ICE en las cuatro categorías nutricionales cuando fueron clasificados por IP (p < 0,05). Cuando se clasificó por IMC, hubo diferencias en la CC e ICE entre las categorías normal, sobrepeso y obesidad (p < 0,05), sin embargo, no se observó diferencias entre bajo y normal en ambos sexos (p > 0,05). En las prevalencias, cuando se clasificó por IMC, los % fueron inferiores frente al IP (subestiman). CONCLUSIONES: El IMC subestima las prevalencias en la categoría de bajo y peso normal, al mismo tiempo que sobrestima en las categorías de sobrepeso y obesidad en adolescentes de ambos sexos. Los resultados sugieren que el IP podría ser una herramienta útil y valiosa para evaluar el estado nutricional de adolescentes que viven en una región de moderada altitud del Perú

INTRODUCTION: Surveillance and monitoring through anthropometric measurements in a specific population is essential to analyze trends and prevalence's of nutritional status. OBJECTIVE: To determine if the Weight Index (PI) is a better indicator to evaluate the nutritional status with respect to the body mass index (BMI) in adolescents living at moderate altitude in Peru. METHODS: A comparative descriptive study was carried out in adolescents living at moderate altitude. 415 adolescents in an age range between 10 to 15.9 years were selected in a non-probabilistic way. Weight, standing height, sitting height and waist circumference (WC) were evaluated. The BMI, PI, waist-height index (ICE) and the state of maturity were calculated by APHV (years of Peak Height Velocity). BMI and PI (low, normal, overweight and obesity) determined the nutritional categories. RESULTS: There were significant differences in both sexes between the mean values of CC and ICE in the four nutritional categories when they were classified by PI (p <0.05). When classified by BMI, there were differences in WC and ICE between the normal, overweight and obesity categories (p < 0.05), however, there were no differences between low and normal in both sexes (p> 0.05). In the overweight and obesity categories, the BMI overestimated the prevalence's compared to the PI, the percentages being 3.2% higher in men and 9.7% in women in the overweight category, while, in the obesity category, the men presented higher percentage in 21.4% and in women 17.8%. CONCLUSIONS: The BMI underestimates the prevalence's in the category of low and normal weight, at the same time that it overestimates in the categories of overweight and obesity in adolescents of both sexes. The results suggest that the PI could be a useful and valuable tool to assess the nutritional status of adolescents living in a moderate altitude region of Peru

Estado nutricional y presión arterial de adolescentes escolares / Nutritional status and blood pressure in adolescent students

Introducción. La obesidad es el principal factor de riesgo para la hipertensión arterial y se encuentra asociada a una mayor morbilidad, tanto a corto como a largo plazo.Objetivos. Comparar los indicadores antropométricos y de presión arterial en función del estado nutricional, verificar la asociación entre el estado nutricional y la presión arterial, y determinar la prevalencia de hipertensión en función del estado nutricional de adolescentes de ambos sexos.Métodos. Estudio descriptivo transversal en 499 escolares adolescentes de 11-15 años. Se valoraron las medidas de peso, estatura, índice de masa corporal (IMC), porcentaje de grasa y presión arterial. Se utilizó el IMC para clasificar en categorías (normopeso, sobrepeso y obesos) y la prevalencia de hipertensión se determinó a través de valores superiores del percentilo 95.Resultados. De acuerdo con la clasificación según el IMC, el 81% de las mujeres y el 76,5% de los varones mostraron normopeso. El 15,7% de las mujeres y el 15,5% de los varones evidenciaron sobrepeso; y el 8% de los varones y el 3,3% de las mujeres presentaron obesidad. Según la clasificación de la presión arterial, se observó hipertensión en los varones (6,4%) y en las mujeres (9%). Hubo asociación entre el estado nutricional y la presión arterial (varones: χ2= 53,48; y mujeres: χ2 = 85,21).Conclusión. Se determinó que los adolescentes con sobrepeso y obesidad presentaron mayor adiposidad corporal y presión arterial que sus similares normopesos. A su vez, se verificó una asociación entre el estado nutricional y la presión arterial en ambos sexos. La prevalencia de hipertensión fue mayor a medida que aumentaba el IMC.